Freund, Bill. "South Africa: The End of Apartheid and The Emergence Of The ‘BEE Elite’". Review Of the African Political Economy. Volume 34. Issue, 114.  2007.

Recent high-level South African policymaking adopts the developmental state language, framing the ANC government's purpose. This article examines this concept, focusing on the emergence of an elite transcending public-private sectors, and exploring the notion of an 'embedded elite.' The evolution of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policies is analysed, drawing comparisons with Malaysia. While creating a black ANC-supporting elite seems necessary to counter past 'embedded elites,' it raises doubts about their direction toward an industrializing economic or broad social model. The new elite's democrat icinstincts are also questioned. Despite shifts in South Africa's social structure and some black sectors benefiting under the ANC, the majority remain uninvolved in a transformative process for radical improvements.

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