Iheduru, Okechukwu C. "Black Economic Power and Nation-building in Post-apartheid South Africa." The Journal of Modern African Studies 42, no. 1 (2004): 1-30. doi:10.1017/S0022278X03004452.

This paper evaluates the evolution and the implementation of the ANC government's commitment to fostering a black capitalist class or black economic empowerment (BEE) as a non-racial nation-building strategy. A substantial black bourgeois i.e. and other middle classes begun to emerge over the last decade, contrary to popular perceptions. The legitimating role assigned to the emergent black bourgeoisie by the ANC and the government is, however, threatens to turn the strategy into a nepotistic accumulation. This development is paradoxically threatening to re-racialise the country, widening black inequality gaps, and precluding the rise of a black bourgeoisie with a nurture capitalist agenda. Other equally powerful social groups have begun to challenge the prevailing strategy, compelling the government to explore a more accommodating strategy exemplified by the recent introduction by the government of ‘broad-based economic empowerment’. Should a less patrimonial, less racially and ethnically divisive BEE strategy emerge from this quasi-pluralist power play, such a change holds prospects for the creation of a ‘growth coalition’ capable of sustainable capitalist development and true empowerment of the black majority. That would be a positive development in terms of establishing and consolidating democracy in South Africa.

Source: article's abstract

Onomake, Umoloyouvwe. "Nigerian Elites’ Response to The Chinese Presence". ASA 2013 Annual Meeting Paper.  March 22, 2013.

This paper explores how Nigerians are using their interactions with the Chinese to enhance their social status. It focuses on Nigerian entrepreneurs doing business with the Chinese and middle-class Nigerians learning Chinese culture and Mandarin. This research is part of a larger study on Sino-African relationships' societal impacts. The paper specifically examines the social connections between Chinese and Nigerian elites in business and education. It highlights the importance of studying elites as decision-makers. These elites have greater access to power through education, wealth, or social networks, and their actions significantly impact society and development. The research categorizes elites into two main groups, sometimes overlapping: those in business (including managers and entrepreneurs)and those in education (students and educators). This study seeks to understand how Nigerians are leveraging the Chinese presence in Nigeria to establish, sustain, and advance their elite status within the country and sometimes internationally.

Source: papers.ssrn.com

Freund, Bill. "South Africa: The End of Apartheid and The Emergence Of The ‘BEE Elite’". Review Of the African Political Economy. Volume 34. Issue, 114.  2007.

Recent high-level South African policymaking adopts the developmental state language, framing the ANC government's purpose. This article examines this concept, focusing on the emergence of an elite transcending public-private sectors, and exploring the notion of an 'embedded elite.' The evolution of Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policies is analysed, drawing comparisons with Malaysia. While creating a black ANC-supporting elite seems necessary to counter past 'embedded elites,' it raises doubts about their direction toward an industrializing economic or broad social model. The new elite's democrat icinstincts are also questioned. Despite shifts in South Africa's social structure and some black sectors benefiting under the ANC, the majority remain uninvolved in a transformative process for radical improvements.

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Davies, Rebecca. "Afrikaner Capital Elites, Neo-Liberalism and Economic Transformation in Post-Apartheid South Africa". African Studies. Volume 71. Issue, 3. Page,      391-407. November 23, 2012

Following the transition, Afrikaner capital elites, particularly in mining and finance, have maintained prominence in South Africa's liberal democratic landscape. However, their contribution to the post-apartheid economy remains incompletely understood. Despite reforming their local presence and reconstructing economic power, these actions are intricately linked to global and African National Congress (ANC)-led neoliberal projects. This does not necessarily signify a persistent or renewed Afrikaner capital bloc. This article delves into the dynamics of state-capital relations among Afrikaans speakers, considering the institutional and material legacy of apartheid and contemporary global restructuring. It underscores the importance of this context in explaining the evolving role and influence of Afrikaner capital elites in the post-apartheid and global economies.

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Clayton, Amanda and Noveck, Jennifer and Levi, Margaret, When Elites Meet: Decentralization, Power-Sharing, and Public Goods Provision in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone (June 24, 2015). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 7335, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2622813

In the past decade, decentralization of governance has been promoted as a means of achieving good governance. This study, using post-conflict Sierra Leone as a case, explores power dynamics between traditional hereditary chiefs and newly elected community councillors in the provision of local public goods. The research reveals that when relationships between councillors and chiefs are competitive, it leads to better local development outcomes and higher public goods provision. On the other hand, relationships characterized by cooperation or familial ties result in poorer local development outcomes. In essence, competition among elite groups is found to be beneficial for local development, while collaboration between old and new elites hinders the provision of public goods.

Source: Culled from article's abstract

Cochrane, Laura. Religious Networks and Small Businesses in Senegal. Economic Anthropology. Volume, 8. Issue, 1. Pages, 22-33. August 24, 2020.

Senegalese religious groups have a history of relying on their networks to navigate external challenges, including colonialism, drought, and economic hardships. In contemporary times, these religious networks often leverage small businesses for economic sustenance. Based on ethnographic research in central Senegal, this article contends that robust religious networks and the practice of Islamic principles of social welfare serve as both the method for achieving and the objective of economic stability. Economic prosperity becomes a means for business owners to provide for their families and bolster local economies, thereby facilitating the ability of individuals to lead a religious life within a supportive community.

Source: Article's abstract